Cikakken Bayani:

Duct tef wani nau'i ne na babban tef ɗin mannewa tare da ƙarfin kwasfa mai ƙarfi, ƙarfin ƙarfi, juriya mai mai, juriya na tsufa da juriya na lalata.

Aikace-aikace:

An fi amfani da shi don rufe kwali, ɗinkin kafet, ɗaurin nauyi mai nauyi da sauransu. A halin yanzu, ana amfani da shi akai-akai a cikin mota, chassis da hukuma.

Tarihi

Abu na farko da ake kira "duck tepe" shi ne dogayen tulun tulun auduga da aka yi amfani da su wajen kara wa takalma karfi, don yin ado a kan tufafi, da kuma nade igiyoyin karfe ko na'urorin lantarki don kare su daga lalacewa ko lalacewa.Alal misali, a cikin 1902, an fara rufe igiyoyin ƙarfe da ke tallafawa gadar Manhattan a cikin man linseed sannan a nannade su da tef ɗin duck kafin a ajiye su a wuri.A cikin shekarun 1910, wasu takalma da takalma sun yi amfani da zanen duck don na sama ko don insole, kuma wani lokaci ana dinka tef ɗin duck don ƙarfafawa.A shekara ta 1936, Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Wutar Lantarki ta Amirka da ke zaune a Amurka ta ayyana naɗaɗɗen tef ɗin duck a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyi da yawa da ake amfani da su don kare igiyoyin wutar lantarki na roba.A cikin 1942, kantin sayar da kayayyaki na Gimbel ya ba da makafi na venetian waɗanda aka riƙe tare da tef ɗin duck na tsaye.Duk waɗannan abubuwan da aka ambata an yi su ne don auduga na fili ko tef ɗin lilin wanda ya zo ba tare da labulen manne ba.

An yi amfani da kaset ɗin manne iri iri a shekarun 1910, gami da naɗaɗɗen tef ɗin yadi tare da manne gefe ɗaya.An yi amfani da farar tef ɗin manne da aka jiƙa a cikin roba da zinc oxide a asibitoci don ɗaure raunuka, amma ana iya canza wasu kaset kamar tef ɗin gogayya ko tef ɗin lantarki a cikin gaggawa.A shekara ta 1930, mujallar Popular Mechanics ta bayyana yadda ake yin tef ɗin mannewa a gida ta amfani da tef ɗin kyalle da aka jiƙa a cikin ruwan zafi mai zafi na rosin da roba daga bututun ciki.

A cikin 1923, Richard Gurley Drew yana aiki don 3M ya ƙirƙira tef ɗin masking, tef ɗin da aka yi da takarda tare da ɗanɗano mai laushi.A cikin 1925 wannan ya zama tef ɗin tambarin Scotch.A cikin 1930, Drew ya ɓullo da tef ɗin bayyananne akan cellophane, wanda ake kira Scotch Tape.An yi amfani da wannan tef ɗin sosai tun daga Babban Bacin rai don gyara kayan gida.Marubuci Scott Berkun ya rubuta cewa tef ɗin "tabbas" shine gyara wannan nasarar ta farko ta 3M.Duk da haka, ba ɗayan abubuwan da Drew ya kirkira ba ya dogara ne akan tef ɗin zane.

Tunanin abin da ya zama tef ɗin ya fito ne daga Vesta Stoudt, ma'aikaciyar masana'anta kuma mahaifiyar ma'aikatan ruwa biyu, waɗanda suka damu cewa matsaloli tare da hatimin akwatin harsashi za su kashe sojoji lokaci mai daraja a yaƙi.Ta rubuta wa Shugaba Franklin D. Roosevelt a cikin 1943 tare da ra'ayin rufe akwatunan da tef ɗin masana'anta, wanda ta gwada a masana'anta.An tura wasiƙar zuwa Hukumar Samar da Yaki, wacce ta sanya Johnson & Johnson kan aikin.Sashen Revolite na Johnson & Johnson sun yi kaset na likitanci daga rigar duck daga 1927 da ƙungiyar da Revolite's Johnny Denoye da Johnson & Johnson's Bill Gross ke jagoranta sun haɓaka sabon tef ɗin manne, wanda aka tsara don yage da hannu, ba a yanke shi da almakashi ba.

Sabon samfurin nasu wanda ba a bayyana sunansa ba an yi shi ne da duck ɗin auduga na bakin ciki wanda aka lulluɓe a cikin polyethylene mai hana ruwa ruwa (filastik) tare da laka mai launin toka na roba (wanda aka yi masa lakabi da "Polycoat") a haɗe gefe ɗaya.Ya kasance mai sauƙi don amfani da cirewa, kuma ba da daɗewa ba an daidaita shi don gyara kayan aikin soja cikin sauri, ciki har da motoci da makamai.Wannan tef ɗin, mai launin ruwan zaitun matte na soja daidai gwargwado, sojojin sun yi amfani da shi sosai.Bayan yakin, an sayar da samfurin duck tef a cikin shagunan kayan aiki don gyaran gida.Kamfanin Melvin A. Anderson na Cleveland, Ohio, ya sami haƙƙin tef a cikin 1950. An saba amfani da shi wajen yin gini don naɗe bututun iska.Bayan wannan aikace-aikacen, an fara amfani da sunan "kaset tef" a cikin shekarun 1950, tare da samfuran tef waɗanda ke da launin ruwan toka mai launin siliki kamar na ductwork.An ƙera kaset na musamman na zafi da sanyi don dumama da bututun sanyaya iska.A shekara ta 1960 wani kamfanin St. Louis, Missouri, kamfanin HVAC, Albert Arno, Inc., ya yiwa sunan "Ductape" alamar kasuwanci don tef ɗin su na "mai jurewa harshen wuta", mai ikon riƙe tare a 350-400 °F (177-204 °C) ).

A cikin 1971, Jack Kahl ya sayi kamfanin Anderson kuma ya sake masa suna Manco.] A cikin 1975, Kahl ya sake fasalin tef ɗin da kamfaninsa ya yi.Domin kalmar “duck tef” da aka yi amfani da ita a baya ta daina amfani, [tabbacin gazawa] ya sami damar yin alamar kasuwanci ta alamar “Duck Tepe” kuma ya tallata samfurinsa cikakke tare da tambarin duck mai launin rawaya.Manco ya zaɓi sunan "Duck" a matsayin "wasa a kan gaskiyar cewa mutane sukan yi la'akari da tef ɗin a matsayin 'duck tef'", kuma a matsayin bambancin tallace-tallace don bambanta da sauran masu siyar da tef ɗin.A cikin 1979, tsarin tallan tallan Duck Tepe ya ƙunshi aika katunan gaisuwa tare da alamar duck, sau huɗu a shekara, zuwa masu sarrafa kayan masarufi 32,000.Wannan yawan sadarwar da aka haɗa tare da launuka masu kyau, marufi masu dacewa sun taimaka Duck Tepe ya zama sananne.Daga wani kusa-sifili abokin ciniki tushe Manco ƙarshe sarrafa 40% na duct tef kasuwar a Amurka.] Henkel samu a 1998, a 2009, Duck Tape aka sayar ga Shurtape Technologies, wanda mallakar Shuford iyali North Carolina.Duck ba shine kawai alamar shurtape na tef ba;Ana kiran hadayarsu mai girma "T-Rex Tape.""Ultimate Duck", wanda ya kasance saman Henkel na layin iri-iri, har yanzu ana sayar da shi a cikin United Kingdom. Duck Duck, T-Rex Tape, da Gorilla Tepe mai gasa duk suna tallata "fasaha mai Layer uku".

Bayan samun riba daga Scotch Tepe a cikin 1930s, 3M ya samar da kayan aikin soja a lokacin WWII, kuma zuwa 1946 ya haɓaka tef ɗin lantarki na vinyl na farko.A shekara ta 1977, kamfanin yana siyar da tef ɗin bututu mai jure zafi don dumama bututu.A ƙarshen 1990s, rukunin kaset na 3M ya sami kuɗin dalar Amurka miliyan 300 kowace shekara, shugaban masana'antar Amurka.A cikin 2004, 3M ya ƙirƙira tef ɗin bututu mai haske.

Kerawa

Ana yin tef ɗin bututun zamani tare da kowane ɗayan nau'ikan yadudduka da aka saka don samar da ƙarfi.Zaren ko cika yarn na masana'anta na iya zama auduga, polyester, nailan, rayon ko fiberglass.Yarinyar wani gauze ce mai sirari da ake kira "scrim" wanda aka lakafta shi zuwa goyan bayan polyethylene mai ƙarancin yawa (LDPE).Ana ba da launi na LDPE ta hanyoyi daban-daban;Launin launin toka na yau da kullun ya fito ne daga foda aluminium gauraye cikin LDPE.Akwai fadin tef guda biyu da aka saba samarwa: 1.9 in (48 mm) da 2 in (51 mm).Ana kuma bayar da sauran faɗin.An yi mafi girman jujjuyawar kasuwanci na tef ɗin bututu a cikin 2005 don Henkel, tare da faɗin inci 3.78 (9.6 cm), diamita na inci 64 (160 cm) da nauyin fam 650 (290 kg).

Amfanin gama gari

Ana yawan amfani da tef ɗin ƙugiya a cikin yanayin da ke buƙatar ƙarfi, sassauƙa, kuma tef mai ɗaci sosai.Wasu suna da manne mai ɗorewa da juriya ga yanayi.

Siga na musamman, tef ɗin gaffer, wanda baya barin saura mai ɗaci idan an cire shi, an fi son gaffers a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo, hotunan motsi da masana'antar talabijin.

An yi amfani da tef ɗin duct, a cikin kamanninsa a matsayin "tef ɗin tsere", "tef ɗin tsere" ko "tef ɗin mil 100 a sa'a" a cikin motocin motsa jiki sama da shekaru 40 don gyara aikin jikin fiberglass (cikin sauran amfani).Tef ɗin tsere ya zo cikin launuka masu yawa don taimakawa daidaita shi da launukan fenti na gama gari.A cikin Burtaniya, yawanci ana kiranta da "tape ɗin tanki" a cikin amfani da motsa jiki.

Amfani a kan ductwork

Samfurin yanzu da ake kira tef ɗin bututu bai kamata ya ruɗe da kaset na musamman da aka ƙera don rufe bututun dumama da iska (HVAC), kodayake ana iya kiran waɗannan kaset ɗin “kaset ɗin bututun”.Don samar da bayanan dakin gwaje-gwaje game da waɗanne fakiti da kaset ɗin suka ƙare, kuma waɗanda wataƙila za su gaza, an gudanar da bincike a Laboratory National Lawrence Berkeley, Sashen Makamashin Muhalli na Muhalli.Babban abin da suka yanke shi ne cewa bai kamata mutum ya yi amfani da tef ɗin ba don rufe bututun (sun ayyana tef ɗin kamar kowane tef ɗin masana'anta tare da mannen roba).Gwajin da aka yi ya nuna cewa ƙarƙashin ƙalubale amma tabbataccen yanayi, kaset ɗin bututun ya zama tsinke kuma yana iya yin kasawa da sauri, a wasu lokuta yayyo ko faɗuwa gaba ɗaya.

Tef ɗin gama gari ba ya ɗauke da takaddun shaida na aminci kamar UL ko Proposition 65, wanda ke nufin tef ɗin na iya ƙonewa da ƙarfi, yana haifar da hayaki mai guba;yana iya haifar da ci da kuma lamba mai guba;yana iya samun ƙarfin injin da bai dace ba;kuma mannenta na iya samun ƙarancin rayuwa.Jihar California ta haramta amfani da shi a cikin bututun ruwa da kuma ta hanyar gine-gine a wasu wurare da yawa.

Amfani a cikin jirgin sama

A cewar injiniyan NASA Jerry Woodfill, wani tsohon sojan NASA mai shekaru 52, an saka tef din a kan jirgin duk wata manufa tun farkon shirin Gemini.

Injiniyoyin NASA da 'yan sama jannati sun yi amfani da tef a yayin aikinsu, ciki har da wasu yanayi na gaggawa.Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan amfani ya faru a cikin 1970 lokacin da Woodfill ke aiki a Ofishin Jakadancin, lokacin da za a canza matattarar carbon dioxide daga tsarin umarnin Apollo 13 don dacewa da ɗakunan ajiya a cikin tsarin wata, wanda ake amfani da shi azaman jirgin ruwa bayan fashewar en. hanyar zuwa wata.Matsala ta yi amfani da tef ɗin bututu da sauran abubuwa a cikin jirgin Apollo 13, tare da ma'aikatan jirgin ƙasa suna ba da umarni ga ma'aikatan jirgin.Na'urar wanke-wanke na CO2 na wata na'ura sun sake fara aiki, inda suka ceci rayukan 'yan sama jannati uku da ke cikin jirgin.

Ed Smylie, wanda ya kera gyaran fuska a cikin kwanaki biyu kacal, ya ce daga baya ya san matsalar za ta iya warwarewa lokacin da aka tabbatar da cewa faifan tef din na cikin kumbon: “Na ji kamar ba a gida ba,” in ji shi a shekara ta 2005. Wani abu da yaron Kudu ba zai taba cewa shi ne, 'Bana tunanin duct tef zai gyara shi."

Duct tef, wanda ake magana da shi a matsayin "...kyakkyawan tsohon kaset ɗin launin toka na Amurka..." 'Yan sama jannati na Apollo 17 a duniyar wata sun yi amfani da shi wajen inganta gyaran wata labarar katangar da ke kan rover ɗin wata, tare da hana yiwuwar lahani daga feshin. na kurar wata yayin da suke tuki.

Amfanin soja

A cikin jiragen ruwa na jirgin ruwa na Amurka, ana kiran tef ɗin zane mai ɗaure "EB Green," kamar yadda tef ɗin da jirgin ruwan Lantarki ke amfani da shi kore ne.Ana kuma kiransa "tef ɗin duck", "tef ɗin riggers", "tef ɗin guguwa", ko "tef ɗin 100-mph" - sunan da ya fito daga amfani da takamaiman nau'in tef ɗin bututu wanda ya kamata ya tsaya har zuwa 100. mph (160 km/h; 87 kn) iskoki.Ana kiran wannan tef ɗin ne saboda an yi amfani da shi a lokacin yaƙin Vietnam don gyara ko daidaita ruwan rotor na helikwafta.

Madadin amfani

Yaɗuwar kaset ɗin kaset ɗin da yawan amfani da shi ya ba shi wuri mai ƙarfi a cikin shahararrun al'adun gargajiya, kuma ya zaburar da ɗimbin ƙirƙira da ƙa'idodi masu ƙima.

Maganin rufe fuska na duct tef (DTOT) wata hanya ce da aka yi niyya don magance warts ta hanyar rufe su da tef na dogon lokaci.Shaidar ingancinsa ba ta da kyau;Don haka ba a ba da shawarar azaman magani na yau da kullun ba.Duk da haka, wasu nazarin sun nuna maganin tef ɗin ya fi tasiri fiye da zaɓuɓɓukan likita na yanzu.Ana amfani da tef ɗin ƙwanƙwasa sau da yawa a gyaran takalma saboda ƙarfinsa.

An yi amfani da tef ɗin duct don gyara matsalar kira ta iPhone 4 ta Apple na ɗan lokaci, a matsayin madadin harkashin robar na Apple.

A cikin shahararrun al'adu

The Duct Tape Guys (Jim Berg da Tim Nyberg) sun rubuta littattafai bakwai game da tef ɗin, tun daga 2005. Littattafansu da suka fi sayar da su sun sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan 1.5 kuma suna nuna ainihin amfani da tef ɗin duct.A cikin 1994 sun ƙirƙira jumlar "ba ta karye ba, kawai ta rasa tef ɗin duct".Ƙara wa wannan magana a cikin 1995 tare da buga littafin su game da littafin WD-40 mai mai, "Dokoki guda biyu suna samun ku ta rayuwa: Idan ya makale kuma bai kamata ya zama ba, WD-40 shi. Idan ba a makale ba kuma ya kamata. don zama, duct tape shi."Gidan yanar gizon su ya ƙunshi dubban faifan tef ɗin da ake amfani da su daga mutane a duk faɗin duniya tun daga salon gyara gashi zuwa gyaran mota.Haɗin WD-40 da tef ɗin duct wani lokaci ana kiranta da "kayan gyara jajayen wuya".

The Canadian sitcom The Red Green Show halin take yakan yi amfani da tef (wanda ya lakafta "makamin sirrin mai hannu") a matsayin hanyar gajeriyar hanya don ɗaure daidai da kuma amfani da ba na al'ada ba.Jerin wani lokaci yana nuna ƙirƙirar tef ɗin fan.Fim ɗin yana da fasalin fasalin da aka gina akan sa mai suna Duct Tape Forever kuma an fitar da tarin VHS/DVD da yawa na wasan kwaikwayon na amfani da kaset.Tun 2000, jerin tauraron Steve Smith (a matsayin "Red Green") ya kasance "Jakadan Scotch Duct Tepe" na 3M.

Jerin Tashoshin Gano MythBusters sun fito da tef a cikin tatsuniyoyi da yawa waɗanda suka ƙunshi amfani da ba na gargajiya ba.Tabbatattun tatsuniyoyi sun haɗa da dakatar da mota na wani ɗan lokaci, gina igwa mai aiki, jirgin ruwa na mutum biyu, kwale-kwalen mutum biyu (tare da fakitin tef), raftan mutum biyu, takalmi na Roman, saitin dara, yoyo. gwangwani mai tabbatar da ruwa, igiya, hamma da zai iya ɗaukar nauyin namiji balagagge, riƙe da mota a wurin, gada mai faɗi faɗin busasshiyar tashar jirgin ruwa, da cikakken sikelin aiki tare da tef ɗin bututu azaman ɗaure kawai.A cikin shirin "Duct Tepe Plane", MythBusters ya gyara (kuma a ƙarshe ya maye gurbin) fatar jirgin sama mara nauyi tare da tef ɗin bututu kuma ya tashi sama da 'yan mita sama da titin jirgin sama.

Nunin gidan rediyon Garrison Keillor A Prairie Home Companion ya haɗa da tallace-tallacen almara na ban dariya wanda "Majalisar Duct Tape ta Amurka ta ɗauki nauyin".